How the Bible Defines Food

What does the Bible mean when it uses the word food or talks about eating and what we consume? It's important that we correctly define food in the same way that Scripture does, so that we will rightly understand passages that talk about food and eating in both the Old and New Testaments.

While it might seem like the obvious definition of food is anything we eat, if we extrapolate that just a little bit further we can quickly see that it will get us into trouble if we don't draw any boundaries. If you've ever travelled to a place that's foreign to you, you've probably had the experience of seeing someone eat, or being offered yourself, something that is not food to you. Play-Doh does not become food if a child chooses to consume it. If you offer food to a friend, it would be upsetting if they ate your bouquet of flowers instead. Someone eating it does not mean it is food.

Many religious people will tell you that we are free to eat anything we like, be it Play-Doh or whatever else. Others will tell you that studying food from a Biblical perspective is nothing but legalism. While I don't think food is the most important subject in the Bible, it comes up enough both in Scripture and in our daily lives, that it's worth investigating. Adam and Eve had to leave the Garden of Eden because of what they ate. Food matters to God.

If we don't look at food in the same way as the Bible, we are going to end up with some bad assumptions and misunderstandings of verses that talk about food, such as Mark 7, Acts 10, Romans 14, and more. We simply cannot understand a verse speaking of food correctly if we don't define 'food' the same way the authors of the Bible did. Let's take a look at the definitions of food the Bible gives us.

The first instruction about food in the Bible comes in Genesis 1:29.

Then God said, "I give you every seed-bearing plant on the earth and every tree that has fruit in it. They will be yours for food."

Originally, plants were the only thing the Creator said mankind could eat. But note that it wasn't all plants that could be eaten, there were stipulations. Fruit trees and plants with seeds could be eaten. You could also make the argument that all the original edible plants were perennial. But later after the fall, we learn that annual vegetal plants could also be eaten.

"In toil you shall eat from the ground." -Genesis 3:17

If we stick with the above argument that only perennial plants were initially eaten, like the fruit trees that produce on their own with no input from man, the toil seems to imply that what needs planted year by year is now also okay to eat. This would include plants like grains, legumes, and annual vegetables.

It wasn't until after the flood that YHWH gave Noah permission to eat animals as well.

"Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. I have given you all things, as I gave you the green plants." -Genesis 9:3

At first glance, it can seem like YHWH is saying that any animal can now be eaten. But if we catch the caveat: as I gave you the green plants, we see there were stipulations. Not all the plants were permissible to eat, just ones that met the criteria. Not long before this in Genesis 7:2, God tells Noah that he is to bring seven pairs of the "clean animals" onto the ark. We can see from this that Noah knew, or learned, the difference between which animals were clean and which were not. It would make no sense for this distinction to be present if it didn't have some sort of significance.

Leviticus 11 quotes YHWH directly, telling us which animals can be eaten, and which cannot. In some cases, it even explains how we can tell if it can be eaten or not. For example, the Bible says that fish need to have fins and scales in order to be eaten. You might catch a fish that you're not familiar with, but you can use this information to tell if it is edible or not.

"Of all the beasts of the earth, these ones you may eat: any animal that has a split hoof completely divided and that chews the cud." -Leviticus 11:2-3

It goes on to give examples of animals that meet one of these criteria, but not both (camels, rock badgers, rabbits, pigs), and says not only that these shouldn't be eaten, but that we shouldn't even touch the carcasses.

On fish, the Bible says they need to have both fins and scales to be eaten in Leviticus 11:9. Eating sea creatures without these is forbidden, and are considered abominable.

Leviticus 11:13 tells us specific birds that are not to be eaten, including vultures, falcons, ravens, ostriches, owls, bats, storks, and herons.

All insects are off limits, except for locusts, grasshoppers, and crickets. (Leviticus 11:20-21)

Those are the instructions the Bible gives about eating.

Plants, tree fruit, and animals that meet these specifications are food. Animals that don't are not. If the Bible says it shouldn't be eaten, the Bible does not consider it food.

Note that the Bible's definition of food doesn't mean there aren't people who won't follow these instructions. Lamenting about people who eat animals that God says are off-limits comes up in the Bible (Isaiah 66:17 is one example). It's also not saying that animals not permissible to eat will poison or harm you if you do choose to consume them. The Bible defines food according to what the Creator says we can eat - not according to what physically can be eaten, or what is popular in our culture. Following the Bible's instructions about what we eat is a way we can honor YHWH. The New Testament tells us in 1 Corinthians 10:31 that we can eat in a way that glorifies God.

So when New Testament authors make statements about "food," they only mean what the Bible says is permissible for eating. Fish with fins and scales are included in the Biblical definition of food, but sea creatures without them (such as shrimp, dolphins, eels, and scallops), are not considered food by the Bible's authors.

Using the Bible's definition of food will change how you understand many Scripture passages, including some of the Messiah's words!

More on understanding food in the Bible:
Romans 14 Explained
Understanding the Messiah Declaring All Foods Clean
Why 1 Timothy 4 Doesn't Mean that All Animals Should Be Eaten

What Scripture Says Not To Eat (Leviticus 11)

This post is to enumerate the things that are forbidden for us to consume. Let's note that the Bible does not consider these things foods. While there are a few things on this list that are commonly eaten in our culture, this is not what the Living God intended. See Leviticus 11 for more on unclean animals.

What Scripture tells us not to eat:

Cats - housecats, cheetahs, leopards, panthers, tigers, lions.

Dogs - wolfs, coyote, fox, hyenas, etc.

Rabbits.

Equine animals - horses, donkeys, mules, zebra.

Flying animals such as eagles, crows, flamingos, ostriches, penguins, parrots, pelicans, bats, hawks, buzzards, and owls.

Insects - except for locusts, crickets, and grasshoppers.

Snails.

Pigs - including boar. This includes all pig products such as pork, ham, bacon, pork sausage, pepperoni, lard, and porcine gelatin.

Sea mammals - whales, dolphins, seals, otters, porpoises, walrus, etc.

Shellfish - shrimp, scallops, clams, mussels, sea urchin, crab, crayfish, crawfish, lobster, calamari, and so forth.

Fish without fins and scales - swordfish, catfish, marlin, sturgeon, eel, shark, squid, jellyfish, octopus, cuttlefish, etc.

Miscellaneous animals - gorillas, monkeys, elephants, camels, llamas, badgers, rodents, raccoons, possums, kangaroos, wolverines, squirrels, earth worms, hippos, groundhogs, alligators, crocodiles, snakes, and so on.

Any kind of blood.

Reading through that list is extremely unappetizing. Who wants to eat worms or racoons or a housecat? And wouldn't it be sad to eat beautiful animals we see in the wild or at zoos like zebras, penguins, and dolphins? That is how the Creator feels about everything on the list...even what is commonly consumed in our culture.

More on what Scripture says about what we eat:
Ten Times the Bible Talks About Clean Eating
Understanding Mark 7 and the Messiah Declaring All Foods Clean
How to Eat Biblically Clean
Understanding Peter's Vision

Understanding Mark 7:19 and the Messiah Declaring All Foods Clean

But the Messiah made all foods clean! 

When I first started learning about Biblically clean eating, Mark 7:19  (and it's counterpart versions in Matthew 15) is a verse that I kept going back to. Sure, many verses in Scripture articulate what we can eat and otherwise talk about eating according to the instructions we are given, but it says right here that the Messiah declared that all foods are clean!

"Don't you understand that the food you put into your body does not defile you? It passes through and doesn't go to your heart." (Thus he declared all foods clean.)
-Mark 7:18-19

These words used to make me think that God wasn't concerned about my dietary choices, because he was only concerned about my heart. And when I first started to feel like I might be called to keep Scripture's dietary commandments, this verse and it's seeming declaration of no rules confused me.

Scripture always lines up with Scripture. If it seems to contradict itself, that is caused by our misunderstanding. By stepping back and looking at the entirety of this chapter we will have a better picture of what this is about.

"Seeing some of his disciples eat bread with unwashed hands they found fault." -Mark 7:2

The setting here is that Pharisees and scribes came to the Messiah, and saw that his followers were eating without a ritual hand washing that was a tradition of the elders (verse 3). That is what they found fault with. Not in what the disciples were eating, since bread is considered Biblically clean, but that they were skipping a manmade tradition!

Mark 7 isn't talking about what is being eaten. If it was, the question would have been, "Why are your followers eating unclean animals?" or, "How come your followers are eating pigs?" But that was not what was going on! Followers of Messiah were skipping the manmade tradition of handwashing before eating and that's what offended these scribes that came to see Yahusha.

The Messiah says that the accusers were, "Forsaking the commands of YHWH, to hold fast to the traditions of men." (Verse 8) He was saying that the accusers were putting their own traditions ahead of the actual commandments of Scripture, which is an instance of the heart issue he brings up. If we give more honor and importance to human rituals than we do to the word of God, then our hearts have a serious problem. Today we often see this when people hold to their family or church's tradition of ignoring the dietary instructions and eating unclean animals. That is putting man's traditions above YHWH's commandment, and something the Messiah warns against in this chapter.

So why does the Messiah say that all foods are clean? Well, he really doesn't. The, "Thus he declared..." statement is in parentheses because it was added to later Bible manuscripts and not a quote from the Messiah. While it's wrong to add to Scripture, this foot-note would make more sense if we understood the context of it.

We hear, "All foods are clean," and assume this means we can eat whatever we want...even what the Bible says not to eat. But to understand this notation correctly we need to be aware that Scripture expressly tells us that unclean animals are not food (Leviticus 11:41, unclean animals are not to be eaten). Scripture never calls any unclean animal "food," it only calls Biblically clean things food. This is similar to our expectations of food today...there are just certain things that we don't eat. If I told you to help yourself to the food on the counter, you wouldn't eat the pile of mail or the houseplant or the pet goldfish there, because those things are not food. My saying, "Eat what you'd like," is not me suggesting or permitting you to eat what I don't consider food.

So why does he say that all foods are clean? He's not being redundant, he's explaining that everything the Bible says we can eat is considered clean...regardless of if you have washed your hands or done any other rituals that someone made up. He's saying that we are not defiled when we set aside manmade traditions, and we don't need to follow the Talmud or church tradition to considered holy in his eyes. The Messiah is declaring that if the item in question fits within the Bible's parameters for food then it is already considered clean without going through any manmade rituals. He is saying that if Scripture says you can eat it, you won't be defiled by skipping any un-Biblical extra steps.

The food you put into your body does not defile you. If we choose to consume something that Scripture calls an abomination, then we are defiled (Leviticus 11:43). The Messiah never said anything negative about Scripture's dietary commandments and he never did away with or changed any of them. This passage upholds the Biblical commandments while giving permission to not adhere to Jewish law (which are not the same as the laws and commandments in Scripture). By declaring all foods clean he encouraged us to stick with Scripture's instructions in place of manmade traditions.

More about Biblically clean eating:
10 Times the Bible Talks About Clean Eating
Understanding Peter's Vision
How To Eat Biblically Clean

What does Scripture say about what we eat?

Does YHWH care what we eat? I admit this was initially a very hard idea to swallow for me. Doesn't God care more about what kind of person I am? Before you get to hung up on that question remember humanity's very first sin. Adam and Eve ate something they weren't supposed to. They were kicked out of Eden because of something they ate.

YHWH cares about every part of our lives. He gave us instructions for food for a reason. And he cares very much if we are willing to be obedient to his word.

Many teach that Yahusha “made all foods clean,” but did He?

Mark 7:19 is the verse that is used to say that, “All foods are clean.” However, that statement was added by translators who misunderstood the text. That sentence is not in original copies of the manuscript. Taking a closer look at the context of the verse helps to clarify this. Chapter 7 isn’t focused on what is being eaten; it discusses eating with unwashed hands.

We should also understand that in the Scriptures if something is not Biblically clean, then it is not called food. Nowhere in the Scriptures will we find something unclean or forbidden referred to as food.

Mark 7:5, The Pharisees and the Torah-teachers asked him, “Why don’t your disciples live in accordance with the Tradition of the Elders, but instead eat with ritually unclean hands?”

Please note: if Yahusha had in fact taught that it was okay to eat any type of meat their question would have been, “Why do you let your followers eat shrimp and bacon?” But that is not what they asked! They inquired why Yahusha and his disciples weren’t following oral tradition—doctrines of men, which required a ceremonial hand-washing before a meal. Yahusha taught that this practice was not required, as it is not written in the Torah. Yahusha never taught against YHWH's directions on what to eat. We know since he never sinned (1 Peter 2:22) he never violated any dietary commandments.

What does Scripture permit us to eat?

-Certain meats including cows, sheep, and goats.
-Milk and milk products from permitted animals.
-Fish with fins and scales. Salmon, cod, tuna, tilapia, perch, etc.
-Certain poultry including chicken, turkey, duck, goose, pigeon, and dove.
-Eggs from permitted poultry.
-Locusts, grasshoppers, crickets, and beetles.
-Fruit, vegetables, grains, and nuts.

What does Scripture tell us not to eat?
-Pigs, rabbits, camels, and horses. (Leviticus 11)

-Ostriches, eagles, bats, swans, pelicans, vultures, and herons. (Leviticus 11)

-Milk or eggs from unclean animals. (Leviticus 11)
-Blood (even from permitted animals) (Deuteronomy 12:23)
-Fat from cows, sheep, or goats. (Leviticus 7:23)
-Meat sacrificed to idols. Including 'halal' certified chicken, beef, etc. (1 Corinthians 10:28)
-Swarming insects. (Leviticus 11)
-Beef, lamb, or goat cooked with dairy. (Exodus 23:19)
-GMOs. (Leviticus 19:19)

The majority of food instructions are found in Leviticus 11, and it's a little gross. Mostly a list of things most of us would never think about eating. Bats, ravens, camels, vultures, uhh no thanks! While it's a little hard to fathom in this culture, YHWH has the same thoughts about pork and shellfish. Gross.

There is a lot of evidence to suggest that eating a lot of these unclean animals is bad for us. Be it from high levels of toxins in shellfish to trichinosis in pigs. But that is really not the point. The point is simply to follow YHWH's instructions. There is some cost to it, perhaps you'll need to give up something you've grown up eating; it takes effort to eat as Scripture instructs. It's not always easy, but it is always worth it to be obedient to the Creator.

More about what Scripture says about what we eat:
10 Times Scripture Talks About Clean Eating

Why Daniel Refused the King's Meat
How to Start Eating a Biblically Clean Diet
A Hebraic Perspective on Peter's Vision of Eating Unclean Animals